A GLANCE AT THE DEVELOPMENTS IN 6 – G

K J SARMA

Freelance Research

Retired Professor

kjsarmalsm@ieee.org

 

ABSTRACT: After implementing 5G technology, academics and industry started researching 6th generation network technology (6G). 6G is expected to be implemented around the year 2030. It is expected to extend mobile communication possibilities.   Several potential technologies are predicted to serve the foundation of 6G networks. These include upcoming and current technologies such as post-quantum cryptography, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), enhanced edge computing, molecular communication, THz, visible light communication (VLC), and distributed ledger (DL) technologies.. From a security and privacy perspective, these developments need a reconsideration of more  prior security than traditional methods.

 New novel authentication, encryption, access control, communication, and malicious activity detection must satisfy the higher significant requirements of future networks. New security approaches are necessary to ensure trustworthiness and privacy. In this article we would like to trace the origin and development of 6 – g technology into the future. Besides architecture and we would throw light on the scientific and commercial application. How should we see the growth of 6-G technology in combination with other communication technologies like IOT also is an issue? With the high-speed development of telecommunication technology, all the industrial partners in telecom make an effort to promote the digital transformation.

KEY WORDS:   6-G network, architecture, applications in various sectors,   standards , infrastructure, design methodologies,  advantages and disadvantages, model for deployment,

INTRODUCTION:    6G is shorthand for the sixth-generation of wireless networks, the successor to 5G cellular technology. The scale of deployment of 6G is no sooner than 2030.  6G is expected to build on the capabilities of 5G, augmented by advances in digital technology, which  means expanding on speed and data capacity and  the innovations related to  Internet of Things.

Up to 4G, time-frequency domain technology has been explored to increase overall system capacity. The recent developments in 5G and beyond technologies support emerging applications such as smart homes, vehicular networks, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) with unprecedented rates enabled by recent advances in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), mm Wave communications, network slicing, small cells, and Internet of things (IoT).  Learning, reasoning, intelligent recognition which are the abilities of ML allow the network structure to train, adapt and  support diverse demands of the systems without human intervention.  6G is believed to be vulnerable for the adversarial machine learning attacks.

6-G, wireless network elements

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ( KPI ):    1. The crucial 6G key performance indicators are based on hardware and technology design.  It is crucial to answer the question as to how to translate system level 6G vision on KPIs requirements into hardware and technology requirements?

2. A  new hardware technologies design methodology is  conceived to enable the effective software-hardware components integration required to meet the challenging performance envisioned for future 6G networks.

 

 

Key Areas	Summary	Characteristic	Relation to 6G
Real-time intelligent edge	Real-time intelligent edge could facilitate autonomous driving response to unfamiliar environments in real-time	Real-time response	Capability of control
Distributed artificial intelligence	The distributed artificial intelligence should be a sizeable decentralized system capable of making an intelligent decision at different levels	Make intelligent decision	Decision-making capacity
Intelligent radio	In an intelligent radio framework, transceiver algorithms could dynamically configure and update themselves based on hardware information	Self-adaptive	Be responsible for communication
3D intercoms	3D intercoms could provide services based on where and when they are needed. Coverage is not only at the ground level, but also at the space and undersea levels	Full 3D-cover	Be responsible for coverage

 

 

ARCHITECTURE:   6G is envisioned to be the universal ICT infrastructure.  This could bring a comprehensive perspective for all industries. With such powerful infrastructure as the backbone, the goal from connected things to connected intelligence. IT and CT industries are slowly merged during the previous decades. It is the time to further embrace other advanced technologies in order to provide a pervasive platform for industry players. This will help them to enter a new digital era with unlimited possibilities for future innovation.

The challenge from transformation of the human experience linking physical, digital and biological worlds is expected in developing 6G  based on a new architecture to  realize the vision of  connecting the worlds. Several novel architecture concepts for the 6G era driven by a decomposition of the architecture into platform, functions, and orchestration and specialization aspects have to be investigated. It expected that with 6G, we can associate an open, scalable, elastic, and platform or applications that are compatible with any cloud infrastructure so that this  can be moved from different cloud environments without any operational issues. 6G with converged applications and services decomposed into micro-services and server less functions, specialized architecture for extreme attributes, as well as open service orchestration architecture.

 6G architectural decomposition into building blocks, is made by Nokia Bell Labs, consists of four major interworking components, which provide an open and distributed reference framework. 6G architectural cloud transformation can be broadly associated with the ‘‘het-cloud’’ component which includes items such as open, scalable and agnostic run-time environment, data flow centricity as well as hardware acceleration, and essentially constitutes the infrastructure platform for the architecture.

The ‘‘functions’’ component involves the functional architecture and includes the themes of RANCORE convergence, cell free and mesh connectivity as well as information architecture and AI. A big transformational theme of the 6G era is the emergence of specialized networks and associated performance attributes; architectural enablers of flexible off-load, extreme slicing and sub-networks are shown as part of the ‘‘specialized’’ building block

6G is expected to encompass use of sub-Terahertz spectrum and new spectrum sharing technologies, air-interface design optimized by AI/ML techniques, integration of radio sensing with communication, and meeting extreme requirements on latency, reliability and synchronization. Fully realizing the benefits of these advances in radio technology will also call for innovations in 6G network architecture as described. 

AI empowered 6G: 6G communication technology will use edge computing with artificial intelligence that brings the server closer to the users from the cloud. Next-generation technology will witness a wide range of differences in both operational technology and information and communications technology. The 6G communication network will profoundly impact hyper specification, hyper capable, hyper sensing,

HARDWAARE AND INFRASTUCTURE:    6G networks will operate by using signals at the higher end of the radio spectrum. A theoretical peak data rate of one terabyte per second for wireless data may be possible. That estimate applies to data transmitted across limited distances. L.G., a South Korean company, unveiled this type of technology based on adaptive beam forming in 2021.

6G's higher frequencies will enable much faster sampling rates than with 5G. They will also provide significantly better throughput and higher data rates. The use of sub - mm waves of wavelengths less than 1 millimeter and frequency determines a relative electromagnetic absorption rates This  is expected to advance the development of wireless sensing technology.

Mobile edge computing will be built into all 6G networks. It must be added to existing 5G networks. Edge and core computing will be more integrated as part of a combined communications and computation infrastructure, before  6G networks are deployed. This approach will provide many potential advantages as 6G technology becomes operational. These benefits include improved access to AI capabilities and support for sophisticated mobile devices and systems.

Researchers are developing cutting-edge technologies for the envisioned 6G wireless communication standards to satisfy the escalating wireless services demands. Though some of the candidate technologies in the 5G standards will apply to 6G wireless networks, key disruptive technologies that will guarantee the desired quality of physical experience to achieve ubiquitous wireless connectivity are expected in 6G.

The proposed network requirements of 6G can be summarized as (1) Ultra-fast data rates as high as 1Tbps (2) Ultra-low latency of less than 1ms (3) Increased mobility and coverage (4) Flexible, and efficient connection of trillion level objects  (5) Peak spectral efficiency of 60 b/s/Hz (6) Very high system reliability  AND (7) Improved network security.

MATHEMATICAL TOOLS AND MODELLING IN 6 - G:    The analysis and modeling of networks as well as dynamical and temporal systems has attracted considerable multidisciplinary interest in research, giving birth to the interdisciplinary field of network science. Network science is providing new radical ways of understanding many different dynamical and temporal mechanisms and processes from the physical, social, engineering information, and biological sciences. Complex systems are characterized by emergent behaviors, largely determined by the nontrivial networks of interactions among their constituents. At a meso-scale level, recurrent patterns of interactions determine the overall structure and organization of the system and may help to identify possible anomalies.

 Random models are powerful tools to design networks with desired properties. 6G networks are intrinsically suitable to be modeled as multidimensional relational systems of different sub-networks, represented by various graphs that embed interacting elements in different ways. The multiplex or multilayer dimension offers a key change in structural perspective to investigate the emergence of complex network properties. A complex socio-technical eco-system exhibits   collective and evolutionary behavior and plays a pivotal role for the design, forecasting, and monitoring of the communication network functions.  The   focus is on analytical methodologies, measures, and algorithms linked to the complex systems approach to facing challenges in 6G developments.

The mathematical tool to optimize the system performance under the stringent radio resource constraints is widely recognized to be a formidable challenge. System-level performance optimization of current UDNs are usually conducted by relying on numerical simulations, which are often time-consuming and have become extremely difficult in the context of 6G with extremely high density. As such, there is an urgent need for developing a realistic mathematical model for optimizing the 6G Ultra-dense networks (UDNs)

Efficient mathematical techniques include game theory and real-time optimization in the context of optimizing UDNs performance.  Emerging technologies are suitable to apply in UDNs.   Joint optimal approach between real time optimization and game theory (ROG) is an effective tool to solve the optimization problems of large-scale UDNs with low complexity.

The basic principles of stochastic geometry analysis of cellular systems that is still utilized as one of the tools for radio part characterization in joint new frameworks suitable for mm-Wave /THz systems.  Then, we proceed by assessing the current state-of-the-art in queuing models providing the abstraction of dynamic resource allocation at mm Wave / THz BSs. Some of the techniques being 1) Random Variable Transformation Technique;  2) Random Field of Interferers, 3) Rate Approximations; 4) Limitations of Stochastic Geometry; 5 ) Conventional Service Models related to queuing models , 6 ) 2) Baseline Resource Queuing System Formalization, 7) A. Performance Evaluation Specifics of mm Wave/THz System ,8)  Averaged models for the computation of SINR, 9 )  Cluster based models , 10) Static and Dynamic Blockage Models for the computation of coding scheme and performance evaluation,  etc .

DESIGN METHOOLOGIES:    FM, QPSK, QAM, CDMA, TDMA, GSM, OFDM are some of the modulation and coding schemes used in cellular technologies.  Each generation — except 5G,  uses ODFM as does LTE — has brought another modulation , because of the need for higher data rates. 6G is  may require  new techniques for modulation and coding.  Also machine learning (ML) will play a more significant role in 6G than it does in 5G.

A Pulsone is a combination of a pulse and tone, related through the Zak Transform.

Source: Cohere Technologies

 

Ronny Hadani of Cohere Technologies proposed orthogonal time-frequency space (OTFS), which he described as a combination of Radar and communications signals. OTFS creates a delay-Doppler radar image of a transmitter’s surroundings, there by  software can predict  transmitter moves. Cohere says ‘Combined with machine learning, the delay-Doppler technique can, be used to predict how a transmitted signal which will behave in the face of reflections and other impediments’. Hadani’s comments , “all received QAM symbols experience the same localized impairment, and all the delay-Doppler diversity branches are coherently combined.”

An OTFS waveform doesn’t vary from delay-Doppler effects. Source: Cohere Technologies.

The OTFS signal is “the fusion of a tone and a pulse” related through the Zak Transform . Hadani used the term “Pulseone” (pronounced pulSONE) to describe the OTFS waveform carrier. A Pulsone holds its shape when shifted in time or in frequency (Doppler shift). “When you apply a FFT to a Pulsone, you get a Pulsone.” Thus, a Pulsone is invariant to distortion and delay from Doppler shift.  Hadani’s paper (linked above) explains OFTS in detail.

An SCMA waveform uses two or three constellations, That provides redundancy but adds complexity. Source: University of Surrey

Prof. Pei Xiao of the University of Surrey, a leading wireless research university, proposed a completely different concept that he called Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA). Xiao’s concept is based on using multiple subcarriers per user, where a user’s data is interleaved on two or three subcarriers. The result is two or three constellations. The difference is, said Xiao, 1.5 dB compared to OFDMA, which lacks the ability to use more than one constellation.

The problem with those constellations, according to Xiao, is that the signal processing is too complex to be practical. You end up with 3D modulation. Xiao proposed several techniques for simplifying the signal-processing algorithms.

Frequency hopping is one of several techniques for reducing SCMA signal complexity. Source: University of Surrey

One such technique, called an Expectation Propagation, a Bayesian inference algorithm, that reduces overall complexity because the complexity increases linearly with additional constellations as opposed to increasing exponentially.  Xiao also pointed to frequency hopping as another way to reduce complexity.

Adding frequency hopping between the SCMA encoding and OFDM modulation. Frequency hopping reduces the chances that some codes will be lost due to fading because data is spread across several frequencies.

Thus, if one frequency shows fading, another might reach the receiver, ensuring successful decoding.  The Fifth Generation (5G) mobile systems have adopted cloud computing and edge computing to support customized services in different application scenarios, such as smart cities, meta-verse, interactive Virtual Reality (VR) games, intelligent manufacturing, and autonomous driving.

The current 5G network architecture decouples the basic functions of data sensing, communication, and computing at user terminals, mobile networks, and cloud/edge, respectively. Cross-domain resource coordination and service orchestration require in-depth domain knowledge and rich experiences, and hence are very complicated and time-consuming. It is therefore very challenging to effectively coordinate heterogeneous resources in distributed facilities for providing agile, stable, and customized services with guaranteed Quality of Experience (QoE) for everyone in dynamic mobile environments.

 

This roadmap to a 6G waveform heavily depends on machine learning. Source: Nokia Bell Labs

6G will eventually replace 5G, but currently 6G is not a mature technology, and is instead in the early research phase. Mobile telecoms companies are much too focused on 5G to deal with 6G in any significant way at the moment, and for the near future.

The advancements of different Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, such as tiny AI, multi-skilled AI, federated AI, collective AI, collaborative AI, and semantic-oriented AI, the Sixth Generation (6G) mobile systems will develop intelligent, collaborative, and adaptive network architecture with pervasive AI capabilities existing in 6G systems to address this big challenge. Specifically, a service-oriented approach should be applied to the design and evaluation of such a 6G network AI architecture, which incorporates ubiquitous sensing, storage, communication, computing, control, and AI resources from the cloud to the edge.

Cross-domain resources and AI algorithms will be fully shared in the network and effectively orchestrated to customize service provisioning, enhance personalized QoEs, and optimize system performance. With pervasive AI capability, the 6G network AI architecture can adaptively support all kinds of computing-intensive, delay-constrained, security-assured, and privacy-sensitive services and applications for everyone, anywhere and anytime. In summary, the ambitious goal of 6G is to satisfy every user’s individual, integrated, and dynamic service requirements in different application scenarios, network conditions, operation situations, and security environments. This motivates us to conduct active research, developments, and experiments on 6G network AI architecture.

Frequencies above 100 GHz are the promising frequency bands for 6G wireless communication systems because of the abundant unexplored and unused spectrum. The increasing global demand for ultra-high spectral efficiencies, data rates, speeds and bandwidths in next-generation wireless networks motivates the exploration of peak capabilities of massive MIMO (Multi–Input–Multi–Output) wireless access technology at THz bands (0.1–10 THz). The smaller wavelengths (order of microns) of these frequencies give an advantage of making high gain antennas with smaller physical dimensions and allows for massive spatial multiplexing.

It is interesting to design an ultra-massive MIMO (ultra-mMIMO) hybrid beam-forming system for multi users and its feasibility to function at THz frequency bands. The functionality of the proposed system is verified at higher order modulation schemes to achieve higher spectral efficiencies using performance metrics that includes error vector magnitude, symbol constellations, and antenna array radiation beams. The performance results suggest using a particular m-MIMO antenna configuration based on number of independent data streams per user and strongly recommended to use higher number of data streams per user in order to achieve higher throughputs that satisfy the needs of 6G wireless systems. Also the performance of the proposed system at 0.14 THz is compared with mm-Wave systems that operate at 28 GHz and 73 GHz bands to justify the feasibility of the proposed work.

There is a great opportunity for researchers and practitioners worldwide to present their novel and innovative ideas on design methodologies for integrated 5G/6G technologies in respect of  interactive system models, conceptual designs, and technological advancements.   Potential topics related to 6 G include

Embedded systems in software defined radio for 5G / 6G applications,    On chip reconfigurable antennas and devices for 5G/6G communication systems,  Reconfigurable FPGA programming model architecture for 5G layers,

Design and implementation of embedded hardware switch for 5G/6G network architecture,

Novel packing and system integration platform for low cost and high performance 5G/6G systems,

Design and implementation of micro-service architecture for 5G/6G satellite edge computing framework and its applications,     Hardware prototyping for filter bank multicarrier for 5G/6G mobile communication systems,

Design and integration of receiver circuits for 5G/6G communication systems,     Architecture design of area efficient high-speed crypto processor for 6G,     Reconfigurable intelligent processor for 6G technologies and its applications,

Design and implementation of UAV wireless communication system for 6G networks,     Reconfigurable system in cyber twin for 6G network security,        Hardware/software co-design in agile chip development for 6G and its applications,

 

Various new 6G technologies of interest include: man-machine interactions with various collections of data from multiple devices; cloud-based distributed connections between multiple devices; new mixed multi-sensor data collection and data security; and precision sensing that maps the wireless communication with the physical world. Original research and review articles are welcome. Areas also include  

Mobile network-based secure spectrum allocation using AI-based FL

Block chain and IoT applications with mobile networks using AI-based FL

Game theory applications for mobile networks using AI-based FL

6G secure wireless communication using AI-based FL

Mobile network-based wireless modulation and coding using AI

Approaches for milli-metre wave technologies using FL

Approaches for ultra-dense cell communication using AI-based FL

Approaches for physical layer heterogeneous networks using AI-based FL

AI approaches for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) techniques using FL

Applications of FL-based AI approaches for wireless communications technologies

Edge / IoT-based mobile networks using FL

 

WORKING OF 6 – G: 6G networks will be able to use higher frequencies than 5G networks and provide substantially higher capacity and much lower latency. One of the goals of the 6G internet is to support one microsecond latency communications. It's expected that 6G wireless sensing solutions will selectively use different frequencies to measure absorption and adjust frequencies accordingly. This method is possible because atoms and molecules emit and absorb electromagnetic radiation at characteristic frequencies, and the emission and absorption frequencies are the same for any given substance.  

6G will have big implications for many government and industry approaches to public safety and critical asset protection, such as  threat detection;  health monitoring;  feature and facial recognition;  decision-making in areas like law enforcement and social credit systems;  air quality measurements;   gas and toxicity sensing; and  sensory interfaces that feel like real life.  Improvements in these areas will also benefit smartphone and other mobile network technology, as well as emerging technologies such as smart cities, autonomous vehicles, virtual reality and augmented reality.

The sixth generation of cellular networks will integrate previously disparate technologies, such as deep learning and big data analytics. The introduction of 5G has paved the way for much of this convergence.

 The need to deploy edge computing to ensure overall throughput and low latency for ultra-reliable, low-latency communications solutions is an important driver of 6G.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:   What are the advantages of 6G vs. 5G? :  6G networks will operate by using signals at the higher end of the radio spectrum. It is too early to approximate 6G data rates, but Dr. Mahyar Shirvanimo ghaddam, a senior lecturer at the University of Sydney, suggested a theoretical peak data rate of 1 terabyte per second for wireless data may be possible. That estimate applies to data transmitted in short bursts across limited distances. LG, a South Korean company, unveiled this type of technology based on adaptive beam forming in 2021

The 6G technology market is expected to facilitate large improvements in the areas of imaging, presence technology and location awareness. Working in conjunction with artificial intelligence (AI), the 6G computational infrastructure will be able to identify the best place for computing to occur; this includes decisions about data storage, processing and sharing.

It is important to note that 6G is not yet a functioning technology. While some vendors are investing in the next-generation wireless standard, industry specifications for 6G-enabled network products remain years away.

REPORTS:  Union Minister for Communications and Electronics and Information Technology, Ashwini Vaishnaw on September 23 attended India Mobile Congress 2022 in Delhi. He reiterated Prime Minister Modi’s vision of India becoming a world leader in 6G technology. He said, “India is capable of leading in the telecom sector. Keeping this in mind the ambit of USOF (Universal Service Obligation Fund) has been expanded. PM has clearly said that we've to build 5G services parallel to global standards lead the world in 6G technology,”   NFAP 2022 provides nearly 17GHz of new additional spectrum for implementing 5G i .

Advantages of 6g technologies:   Some of the advantages of 6G vs. 5G:    6G networks will operate by using signals at the higher end of the radio spectrum. It is too early to approximate 6G data rates. A theoretical peak data rate of 1 terabyte per second for wireless data may be possible. That estimate applies to data transmitted in short bursts across limited distances. LG, a South Korean company, unveiled this type of technology based on adaptive beam forming in 2021.

1. Supports Higher Number of Mobile Connections than 5g, there will be less interference among devices, which would provide a better service.

2. Supports Higher Data Rates, this type of connection will only be available in frequencies using the mm Wave spectrum

3. Revolutionize the Healthcare Sector, so that students can learn better through surgeries and simulations in a real-time atmosphere

4. Independent Frequencies: The frequency range of 8 to 12 GHz is assigned to control channels for the 6G standard. It has a frequency bandwidth of up to 3.5 kHz and will have independent frequencies. This means that channels are not overlapping.  One of the goals of the 6G internet is to support one microsecond latency communications. This is 1,000 times faster -- or 1/1000th the latency -- than one millisecond throughput. 

5. Large area Coverage is one of the major advantages of 6G Technology, with fewer towers.

 

Disadvantages of 6g technologies:   Difficult to use: Technology can be confusing for many people. Moreover, it is not easy to learn. It can take a lot of time and patience to learn this new technology for common people.

1.                   Expensive: Consumers are expected to be willing to pay the price for this type of technology, which may seem excessive compared to what they have been using previously.

2.                   Privacy: There have been questions about how private people may be using this technology, and it is easily accessible by the government or anyone else who has access to monitor networks.

3.                   Compatibility issues:  consumers who want to use this new network but cannot because their device does not support.  These types of technologies become more widespread and used regularly.

4.                   Negative Impact on Health: For example, exposure to hi-frequency radiation are linked with certain medical conditions like autism, ADHD, PTSD, experience dizziness, nausea, headaches, and blurred vision OCD.

5.                   More over RF exposure from using a cell phone may be linked to cancer, while other studies say otherwise. However, many scientists agree that the long-term use of cell phones may affect certain parts of human cells.

What is the future of cellular mobile communication? What will nations use when 4G and 5G technology isn't enough for their needs anymore? The answer is the 6th Generation or 6G Technology. While more than 90% of the nations haven't launched 5G yet, China and Japan have already begun research in its advanced technology. By 2030, every nation is expected to have a 6G network.

MODEL FOR DEPLOYMENT:     The promise of future generations of mobile communication, both 5.5 and 6G, is that of continued increases in capacity and coverage of the wireless communication network together with novel applications demanding higher levels of performance between the mobile devices and their applications on servers in the cloud. In addition, the growing shift towards virtualization of network function itself offers perhaps the most stringent requirements on the network. To continue to offer ever higher capacities and speeds, future networks will be required to further densify addressing capacity and coverage demands through the use of small cells or new radio spectral bands, such as 7-20GHZ or sub-THZ, with inherently shorter range. Therein lies the dilemma.

 A denser and ever more complex network of access points, with higher speeds and performance, but continued pressure on the deployment and costs. To address this challenge solutions which address all aspects of the End to End network must be considered together – the mobile access points, transport networks, deployment options, and edge cloud all contribute equally to the success of the new consumer and industrial applications promised for next generation networks as well as the operation of the networks themselves. In this paper we will outline the expected requirements of next generation networks as well as new technologies and methods which address the simultaneous challenges of higher capacity, lower costs, and reliable deterministic performance.

  

A new way of deploying networks

SECURITY STNDARDS:   The limitations of 5g networks have been found, which undoubtedly promotes the exploratory research of 6G networks as the next generation solutions. These investigations include the fundamental security and privacy problems associated with 6G technologies.

From a security and privacy perspective, these developments need a reconsideration of prior security traditional methods. New novel authentication, encryption, access control, communication, and malicious activity detection must satisfy the higher significant requirements of future networks. In addition, new security approaches are necessary to ensure trustworthiness and privacy.

New novel authentication, encryption, access control, communication, and malicious activity detection must satisfy the higher significant requirements of future networks. In addition, new security approaches are necessary to ensure trustworthiness and privacy. This paper provides insights into the critical problems and difficulties related to the security, privacy, and trust issues of 6G networks. Moreover, the standard technologies and security challenges per each technology are clarified.

 6G should be capable of programming to offer automation systems that span a rich variety of devices, several types of network and communication technologies and humans. 6G should timely offer user expected and satisfied networking services. It will embrace emerging technologies, such as quantum communication, molecular communication, real-time intelligent edge, Internet of everything, etc. As a consequence, personal and national safety will highly depend on network and information security. But sensing human-beings and the physical world brings serious concerns about privacy preservation, which, however, conflicts with trust. Another view of 6G is it is a large-scale heterogeneous network (LS-Het Net) by integrating terrestrial networks, space satellite networks, and marine networks. Such an integrated network can seamlessly support anywhere and anytime networking. But high Quality-of-Trust should be offered by LS-Het Nets to meet mobile user expectations. 

 By integrating with cloud computing and edge computing, network resources can be economically arranged with high flexibility across multiple domains according to user demands. But this requests virtual collaboration among multiple network operators in a trustworthy way with privacy preservation at both the operator level and user level. Anticipating future development, ITU-T specifies that Trustworthy networking should be provided. Trustworthy networking in 6G should ensure security and overcome privacy leakage in an integrated way. In short, 6G is expected to hold such attractive features as trustworthy and autonomous networking based on effective sensing to automatically satisfy user demands through integration of heterogeneous communication and networking technologies. However, such promising features introduce new challenges on trust, security and privacy, which motivate research and practice

 

SOME RESEARH AREAS BEING:

Theories, architectures and applications of 6G trustworthy networking

Trustworthy and intelligent routing

Trust modeling, trust policies and trust mechanisms

Network trust evaluation and measurement

6G network security architecture

Machine learning for network trust, security and privacy

Block chain and 6G trustworthy networking

End-to-end communication security, privacy and trust

Cryptography and trustworthy networking

Smart handover with security and privacy

Network resource arrangement for trustworthy networking

Intrusion detection in integrated Het Nets

Security and privacy protection in 6G

Trust management of 6G

Network data collection, classification and trust analytics

Incentive mechanisms of trust management

Physical security and trust of 6G

6G positioning and its trust, security and privacy

6G service trust, security and privacy

Post-quantum cryptography for 6G

Embedded trust and distributed trust

Distributed ledger technologies and differential privacy approaches

Regulation and standardization of 6G security, privacy and trust

Credibility authentication in 6G

Edge intelligence/ IoT security

Trust, security and privacy of promising communication technologies in 6G

Sensing with privacy preservation

Analysis and design of 6G protocol security

Domain specific security, privacy and trust in 6G

Trust, security and privacy of digital twin in 6G

 

Security and  privacy issues in 6 G network.

 

APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS SECTORS:     The deployment of 5G wireless technologies won’t provide adequate security, lack of significant reliability gains over existing wireless networks, and going to pose impediments enabling the far-reaching applications, particularly in the Internet of Everything (IoE) domain. Such shortcomings are encouraging activities to focus on the 6G wireless aiding terabit per second speeds (terahertz frequencies) needed for true microsecond latency with unlimited bandwidth to provide pervasive IoE applications and adequate security as well as dependability benefits.   Smattering technologies will mature along the same time of 6G wireless to play a symbiotic role in the standardization process. One such prominent and eye-catching technology is quantum computing.

The aim of this conceptual research is to present a quantum computing communication (QCC) framework that explores the integration of quantum computing and 6G wireless offering a disruptive symbiotic model (DSM) disrupting markets globally making the products, process and services superior during the next decades. The methodology comprises of a thorough literature review focusing on QCC perspective and applications in creating sustainable value co-creation (SVCC). Contribution of this research includes several recommendations creating an exciting agenda for entrepreneurs, investors, scholars, practitioners, marketers, academia, and policymakers to assuage forward-looking vision for the years to come.

A new paradigm of wireless communication, the sixth-generation (6G) system, with the full support of artificial intelligence is expected to be deployed between 2027 and 2030. In beyond 5G, there are some fundamental issues, which need to be addressed are higher system capacity, higher data rate, lower latency, and improved quality of service (QoS) compared to 5G system.

A vision of 6-g wireless system: applications, trends and technologies

 The vision of future 6G wireless communication and its network architecture  discusses the emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, terahertz communications, optical wireless technology, free space optic network, block-chain, three dimensional networking, quantum communications, unmanned aerial vehicle, cell-free communications, integration of wireless information and energy transfer, integration of sensing and communication, integration of access-backhaul networks, dynamic network slicing, holographic beam forming, and big data analytics that can assist the 6G architecture development in guaranteeing the QoS. We present the expected applications with the requirements and the possible technologies for 6G communication.

Companies working on 6 –g :  The race to 6G is drawing the attention of many industry players. Test and measurement vendor Key sight Technologies has committed to its development. Major infrastructure companies, such as Huawei, Nokia and Samsung, have signaled that they have 6G R&D in the works.  The race to reach 5G may end up looking minor when compared with the competition to see which companies and countries dominate the 6G market and its related applications and services.

The major projects underway include the following:

1.             The University of Oulu in Finland has launched the 6Genesis research project to develop a 6G vision for 2030. The university has also signed a collaboration agreement with Japan's Beyond 5G Promotion Consortium to coordinate the work of the Finnish 6G Flagship research on 6G technologies.

2.             South Korea's Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute is conducting research on the terahertz frequency band for 6G. It envisions data speeds 100 times faster than 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks and five times faster than 5G networks.

3.             China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is investing in and monitoring 6G R&D in the country.

4.             The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2020 opened up 6G frequency for spectrum testing for frequencies over 95 gigahertz (GHz) to 3 THz.

5.             Hexa-X is a European consortium of academic and industry leaders working to advance 6G standards research. Finnish communications company Nokia is leading that project, which also includes Ericsson, a Swedish operator, and TIM in Italy.

6.             Osaka University in Japan and Australia's Adelaide University researchers have developed a silicon-based microchip with a special multiplex to divide data and enable more efficient management of terahertz waves. During testing, researchers claimed the device transmitted data at 11 gigabits per second compared to 5G's theoretical limit of 10 Gbps of 5G.

7.             The 6G research project has been initiated by the University of Oulu in Finland to create a 6G vision for the year 2030. The university has entered into a partnership agreement with Japan’s Beyond 5G Promotion Consortium to manage the Finnish 6G Flagship research project’s work on 6G technology. Japan was one of the first countries to tackle the deployment of 6G networks as 5G was still in its infancy.

8.              The Terahertz frequency range for 6G is the subject of research by the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute of South Korea, one of the leading countries in 5G deployment. It anticipates data rates that are five times faster than those of 5G networks and 100 times faster than those of 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks.

9.             Aside from launching their test satellites, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China is funding and supervising 6G R&D in the country.

10.          The U.S. Federal Communications Commission will begin testing the 6G frequency in 2020 at frequencies greater than 95 GHz to 3 THz (FCC).

11.          A European group of academic and business authorities called Hexa-X is advancing the study of 6G standards across numerous EU countries. That initiative is being led by the Finnish communications corporation Nokia, which is also working with the Swedish operator Ericsson and the Italian operator TIM.

12.          Researchers from Adelaide University in Australia and Osaka University in Japan have created a silicon-based microprocessor with a unique multiplex to partition data and allow for more effective handling of terahertz radiation. The gadget allegedly delivered data at a rate of 11 gigabits per second during testing, above the theoretical 10 Gbps 5G limit.

It may be noted that  the  future belongs to those who plan for it today. Countries that staggered during the 5G race have the chance to deploy 6G networks and catch up to the rest of them can catch up in the next generation of connectivity. The R&D investments we are seeing today globally will define the telecom leaders of the next decade.

Academia, industry and standardization bodies are actively working to shape the vision on what should be 6G [22]. Candidate Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) have been proposed at the system level for future 6G services and use cases

Internet of things (I o T):  Another driving force is the need to support machine-to-machine communication in IoT.  There is a massively growing number of static and mobile IoT devices with a diversified range of speed and bandwidth, along with a growing demand for high data rates, which makes the network denser and more complicated. In this context, the next-generation communication technology, i.e., sixth generation (6G), is trying to build up the base to meet the imperative need of future network deployment.  The vision for 6G IoT systems and proposes an IoT-based real-time location monitoring system using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for underground communication applications.

High-performance computing (HPC):  A strong relationship has been identified between 6G and HPC. While edge computing resources will handle some of the IoT and mobile technology data, much of it will require more centralized HPC resources to do the processing.

6G core technologies:  6G communication is all about sixth-sense communication. It will be a three-dimensional technology, particularly time, space, and frequency. 6G will truly be an artificial intelligence-driven communication. The necessities of 6G communication innovation are high data rate (≥1 Tbps), high working recurrence (≥1 THz), low start to finish delay (≤1ms), unwavering high quality, high portability (≥1000 km/h) and frequency of  ≤  300 μm . Additionally, holographic communication and increased augmented simulation will help intelligent network communication systems.

6G will offer the 3D types of assistance with the help of arising innovation; for example, edge innovation, artificial intelligence, distributed computing, and block chain . The 6G communication organization will be omnipresent and incorporated. 6G will give further and more extensive inclusion through gadget to gadget, low-earth orbit (LEO), and satellite communication. 6G plans to combine calculation, route, and detecting to the communication organization.

 In the space of safety, 6G will cover security, secrecy, and protection of the enormous information created by billions of intelligent gadgets. There will be a change from smart gadgets to intelligent gadgets. Intelligent gadgets need high-speed communication with URLLC. The critical necessities of 6G communication are 1 THz operating frequency, 1 Tbps data rate, 300μm frequency, and 1000 km versatility range. The 6G design is 3D with time, space, and frequency. The end-to-end delay, radio-only delay, and processing delays are ≤1ms, ≤10ns, and ≤10ns for 6G communication, respectively.

6G communication technology is an artificial intelligence-driven communication, and henceforth, it demands broad mobile bandwidth and low latency (MBBLL), massive broad bandwidth machine type (mBBMT), massive low latency machine type (m LLMT). Bi et al. focus on ten trends on 6G communication. Letaief et al. provide vision on Artificial Intelligence in 6G communication. Zhang et al. focus on further-enhanced mobile broadband (FeMBB), extremely reliable and low-latency communications (ERLLC), ultra-massive machine-type communications (umMTC), long-distance and high-mobility communications (LDHMC) and extremely low-power communication, Quality services, quality experiences, quality lives,   transition from smart to intelligent, internet fOr every thing,

Here are a few predictions for 6G that have already bubbled to the surface  ---  1. Spectacular speeds and almost non-existent latency;  2. Extreme connectivity & sensing;  3. Comprehensive, reliable coverage;  4. Massive advancements for artificial intelligence;  5. Unparalleled energy efficiency

The wholesale rollout of 6G around the world will undoubtedly deliver benefits in every aspect of life. Here are three possible ways that 6G will transform the world. 1. Commercial Uses;   2. Military & Security Purposes; 3.Healthcare Applications

Machine learning with 6G:  Machine learning (ML) is becoming more popular due to its diverse applications and capabilities. Machine Learning models are computer programs used to learn the characteristics or patterns of a system that is an explicit mathematical model. These models are used in tasks such as classification, regression, and interactions of an intelligent agent with an environment. When a model recognizes the features of a system, known as a qualified model, then it can learn the features of a system. Perform the task effectively using some simple arithmetic calculations. Such development is conceivable due to the accessibility of cutting-edge machine learning models, massive data sets, and high computing power, ML can be deployed in a highly configured infrastructure with broad network flexibility and real-time processing data. The prominent variant of machine learning such as supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning can be equally integrated with 6G. 6G could affect the supervised learning process, unsupervised and semi supervised learning, reinforcement learning,

6G network launch in India by 2030:  Speaking at the silver jubilee celebrations of Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) event, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said the task force has already started working on the rollout of the 6G network. He further asserted that the launch of the 5G and 6G networks will not only offer people faster internet speeds but also help create more jobs and give a boost to economic progress.

He also emphasized more on how India rapidly made progress from 3G to 4G and now, the country is aiming for 6G as we are getting closer to the launch of the 5G. The government credited TRAI for the rapid and smoother tech transitions while also adding that the 2G era was symptomatic of frustration and policy paralysis, taking a dig at Congress.

He stressed more on the modernization of the latest network as it would help offer greater growth in terms of agriculture, education, health, infrastructure, and logistics. So, it is important to push out 5G network as soon as possible.

CONCLUSION:     Some reasons for a great need of 6 G being, 

Technology convergence: The sixth generation of cellular networks will integrate previously disparate technologies, such as deep learning and big data analytics. The introduction of 5G has paved the way for much of this convergence.

Edge computing: The need to deploy edge computing to ensure overall throughput and low latency for ultra-reliable, low-latency communications solutions is an important driver of 6G.

Internet of things (IoT): Another driving force is the need to support machine-to-machine communication in IoT.

High-performance computing (HPC): A strong relationship has been identified between 6G and HPC. While edge computing resources will handle some of the IoT and mobile technology data, much of it will require more centralized HPC resources to do the processing.

FUTURE SCOPE OF 6G NETWORKS:   About 10 years ago, the phrase "Beyond 4G" (B4G) was coined to refer to the need to advance the evolution of 4G beyond the LTE standard. It was not clear what 5G might entail, and only pre-standards R&D-level prototypes were in the works at the time. The term B4G lasted for a while. It referred to what could be possible beyond 4G. Ironically, the LTE standard is still evolving, and 5G will use some aspects of it.

Similar to B4G, Beyond 5G is seen as a path to 6G technologies that will replace fifth-generation capabilities and applications. 5G's many private wireless communications implementations involving LTE, 5G and edge computing for enterprise and industrial customers have helped lay the groundwork for 6G.

Next-generation 6G wireless networks will take this one step further. They will create a web of communications providers -- many of them self-providers -- much in the way that photovoltaic solar power has brought about cogeneration within the smart grid. 6G could advance mesh networks from concept to deployment, helping to extend coverage beyond the range of older cell towers.

Data centers are already faced with big 5G-driven changes. These include virtualization, programmable networks, edge computing and issues surrounding simultaneous support of public and private networks. For example, some business customers may want to combine on-premises RAN with hybrid on-premises and hosted computing -- for edge and core computing, respectively -- and data center-hosted core network elements for private business networks or alternative service providers.

6G radio networks will provide the communication and data gathering necessary to accumulate information. A systems approach is required for the 6G technology market that makes use of data analytics, AI and next-generation computation capabilities using HPC and quantum computing.

In addition to profound changes within RAN technology, 6G will bring changes to the core communications network fabric as many new technologies converge. Notably, AI will take center stage with 6G.  Other changes 6G is likely to bring include the following:

• Nano-core. A so-called nano-core is expected to emerge as a common computing core that encompasses elements of HPC and AI. The nano-core does not need to be a physical network element. Instead, it could encompass a logical collection of computational resources, shared by many networks and systems.
• Edge and core coordination. 6G networks will create substantially more data than 5G networks, and computing will evolve to include coordination between edge and core platforms. In response to those changes, data centers will have to evolve.
• Data management. 6G capabilities in sensing, imaging and location determination will generate vast amounts of data that must be managed on behalf of the network owners, service providers and data owners.

 

What is a 7G network and why is it needed?:  Even though 6G networks are not expected to be operational until at least 2032, research has started on seventh-generation (7G) wireless technologies. The IEEE, through its Extremely High Throughput working group, is developing the 802.11be specification for 7G and an industry certification in conjunction with the Wi-Fi Alliance.

The IEEE's amended standard is expected in May 2024. It will provide device manufacturers with design specifications to govern interoperability and performance.

6G networks are attempting to extend fast Gigabit Ethernet connectivity to commercial and consumer devices. 6G is expected to provide substantially higher throughput and data flow. As envisioned, 6G will enable the following:

*deliver a theoretical data rate of about 11 Gbps simultaneously across multiple gigahertz channels;

*deploy up to three 160-megahertz (MHz) bandwidth channels; and

*multiplex  up to eight spatial streams.

Early work on 7G technology projects these comparisons with 6G in speed, bandwidth and spatial streams.

6GE -- the "E" stands for extension -- is an interim step between 6G and 7G that will use a newly licensed 6 GHz channel that extends the available frequencies used to transmit 6G signals. The FCC in 2020 was the first regulatory body to green light the 6 GHz spectrum to help foster innovation of 6GE Wi-Fi devices.

7G technology will represent a quantum leap in bandwidth to support ultra-dense workloads. For example, 7G has the potential to enable continuous global wireless connectivity via integration in satellite networks for earth imaging, telecom and navigation. Enterprises could implement 7G to automate manufacturing processes and support applications that require high availability, predictable latency or guaranteed quality of service.

Compared to 6G, 7G will be designed to do the following:

*deliver data up to 46 Gbps -- more than four times the rate of 6G projection;

*double the size of the channel to 320 MHz; and

*Afford 16 spatial streams, compared to eight in 6G.

6G internet is expected to launch commercially in 2030. The technology makes greater use of the distributed radio access network (RAN) and the terahertz (THz) spectrum to increase capacity, lower latency and improve spectrum sharing.

While some early discussions have taken place to define the technology, 6G research and development (R&D) activities started in earnest in 2020. 6G will require development of advanced mobile communications technologies, such as cognitive and highly secure data networks. It will also require the expansion of spectral bandwidth that is orders of magnitude faster than 5G.

China has launched a 6G test satellite equipped with a terahertz system. Technology giants Huawei Technologies and China Global reportedly plan similar 6G satellite launches in 2021. Many of the problems associated with deploying millimeter wave radio for 5G must be resolved in time for network designers to address the challenges of 6G.

Future 6G will push the network architecture performance to its extreme capabilities. The AI community is expecting future 6G networks to support for a new class of semantic services. This will support applications involving a share and intertwining of knowledge between natural and artificial intelligence. AI is also expected to be applied at all functional levels of the networks to optimize its operation and to reduce its costs. AI will consequently generate and require data to process. Therefore, the data traffic is expected to exponentially grow at both terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks. From these visions, challenging system level KPIs are set. The envisaged direction is to explore new spectrum horizons and target higher spectral efficiency for wireless communications. To this end, new challenging research axes explore the use of sub-Terahertz bands to reach targets of Tbps links capacity.

 We advocate that there is a critical gap to fill between system level identified ambition and, what the hardware and solid state technologies will be able to support at the horizon of 2030. Our reality check is that technologies required to meet the challenging system level KPIs of 6G have not been designed, tested or even do not exist yet. Our reality check is that hardware design will be fundamental to meet the rising sustainability and energy efficiency targets

Emerging applications such as Internet of Everything, Holographic Tele-presence, collaborative robots, and space and deep-sea tourism are already highlighting the limitations of existing fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks. These limitations are in terms of data-rate, latency, reliability, availability, processing, connection density and global coverage, spanning over ground, underwater and space. The sixth-generation (6G) of mobile networks is expected to burgeon in the coming decade to address these limitations. The development of 6G vision, applications, technologies and standards has already become a popular research theme in academia and the industry.

 As we progress towards the next decade or so, the 5G beyond/6G networks will be enabling (x times) faster technologies and services than the current technologies, to across the end-users, communications, businesses, governments, and so on. Such faster technologies will also open a huge attack vector that will bring high risk to societies, businesses, etc. In addition, the traditional security approaches of 4/5G may not be enough to secure ever evolving 6G network. However, the basic requirements, such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, authenticity that need to be fulfilled in the future network. Furthermore, privacy-by-design must be integrated and implemented that would guaranteed fulfill the demands of data privacy, location privacy, identity privacy and privacy of other meta-data. In summary, the future researcher must rethink about developing of new or innovative security and privacy solutions (enabling quantum computing based mechanisms) with affordable low-cost, and high security.

A new network paradigm is envisioned to facilitate emerging applications. These applications require 6G networks to provide extreme data rates, extremely low delays, extreme reliability and 39 availability, massive scalability, extreme power efficiency, and extreme mobility. Realizing this 6G vision requires utilizing new technologies that are envisaged to act as enablers of 6G. We also highlight existing projects, research work, and standardization approaches focusing on the development of 6G. Consequently, we consider the lessons learned and limitations of prevailing research work to propose a roadmap for future research directions towards 6G.

KEY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES:   5G is yet to be  experienced by people and the researchers have already started planning, visioning, and gathering requirements of the 6G. 6G promises to take everyone to a different era of technology. It promises connecting every smart device to the Internet from smartphone to intelligent vehicles. 6G will provide sophisticated and high QoS such as holographic communication, augmented reality/virtual reality and many more. Also, 6G will focus on Quality of Experience (QoE) to provide rich experiences from 6G technology. It is important to vision the issues and challenges of 6G technology. 6G poses new challenges to the research community. To achieve desired parameters of 6G, researchers are exploring various alternatives. Hence, there are diverse research challenges to envision, from devices to use of software solutions.

Critical and fundamental challenges for development and deployment of 6G systems: -   Opening the sub-terahertz (sub-THz) spectrum for increased bandwidths and the ability to utilize these bandwidths;  pushing the limits of semiconductor technologies for operation within the sub-THz bands;   transceiver design and architectures to realize the high peak data rates;   and realizations of sub-millisecond latencies at the network-level to achieve the 6G key performance indicators. Also the challenges in detail will be

1. Service Level Agreements (SLA) in its network by leveraging Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) and network slicing.

2. API-driven network customization

3. AI network

4. 100% coverage

5. Area expansion by HAPS

6. beyond millimeter-wave: terahertz and optical communication

7. Sensing and positioning

8. Charging / Power supply

9. Maximum frequency utilization and efficiency

10. Network security,

11. Resilience, Redundancy, Recovery

12. Carbon fee and net –zero.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors of this paper would like to thank the authors of the papers referred and the designers of the Google images which they made use of .

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